This course provides a broad overview of optical fiber sensing principles and techniques used for biomedical applications. It also presents the current status and trends in the healthcare industry, detailing the medical needs that demand the use of optical fibers and fiber-based sensors, as well as market characteristics. A broad review of fiber optic sensor (FOS) technologies is made, describing their operating principles, associated components (such as light sources, detectors, couplers, polarizers, etc.), and the specialty fiber types required for biomedical sensing system integration. Specific sensing techniques and devices for the detection/measurement of different biomedical parameters are made along with illustrative case examples and commercial success stories. Besides reviewing sensors, other uses of specialty optical fibers for biomedical devices — such as endoscopes, imaging, and laser delivery, among others — will be briefly made. The course also analyses the technical and clinical challenges associated with the design, developing, prototyping and certification of fiber optic biomedical devices.