KEYWORDS: Digital filtering, Modulation, Optical filters, Filtering (signal processing), Signal to noise ratio, Digital modulation, Linear filtering, Electronic filtering, Nonlinear filtering, Telecommunications
Digital filters are a basic building block of a communication system and can serve many diverse purposes such as:
restricting a signal to a prescribed frequency band, separating a signal into two or more sub-bands, modifying the
spectral content of a signal, modeling a communication channel, performing mathematical operations, reducing the
noise content of a signal, etc. On occasion, digital filters are used to estimate the bandwidth of a digital modulation and
this paper will investigate possible issues that can be encountered when using digital filters for this purpose.
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) schemes are advantageous for low-power radios. The constant envelope transmit
signal is more efficient for both linear and non-linear amplifier architectures. A standard, coherent CPM receiver can
take advantage of modulation memory and is more complex than a coherent Phase Shift Keyed receiver. But the CPM
signal can be demodulated non-coherently and still take advantage of the trellis structure inherent in the modulation.
Prior analyses of several different non-coherent CPM schemes have been provided with many providing coherent or near
coherent performance. In this paper we will discuss a new, reduced complexity decoder that improves upon the noncoherent
performance. In addition, this new algorithm generates soft decision metrics that allow the addition of a
forward error correction scheme (an outer code) with coherent equivalent performance gains.
Typically maritime and military users in the High Frequency (HF) band have been allocated channels with a bandwidth
of 3 kHz. This narrow bandwidth has had the undesired effect of limiting the maximum data rates achievable over HF.
The need for higher data rates has motivated research into waveform design using wider bandwidth waveforms. Two
approaches have emerged: wider contiguous bandwidth waveforms and multiple non-contiguous 3 kHz waveforms. This
paper will explore the crest factor and power amplifier implications of both approaches.
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) schemes are advantageous for low-power radios. The constant envelope transmit
signal is more efficient for both linear and non-linear amplifier architectures. A standard, coherent CPM receiver can
take advantage of modulation memory and is more complex than a coherent Phase Shift Keyed receiver. But the CPM
signal can be demodulated non-coherently and still take advantage of the trellis structure inherent in the modulation.
With this complexity reduction, the CPM receiver is comparable in performance to a Phase Shift Keyed radio with the
power utilization of a Frequency Shift-Keyed design. In this paper, we discuss two methods for increasing the
modulation memory of the CPM signal. In the first method, the distribution of the transmitted symbol across multiple
phase pulses is investigated and the bit error rate analyzed. In the next method we address the addition of convolutioncodes.
In both cases the effects of the CPM memory to quasi-coherent demodulation is analyzed and discussed. The
differences in complexity will be analyzed and the overall performance enhancements of several different modulation
schemes will be illustrated.
1
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Modulation, Phase shift keying, Phase modulation, Binary data, Frequency shift keying, Fourier transforms, Data transmission, Amplifiers, Digital signal processing
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) waveforms offer some very appealing characteristics such as constant envelope
and bandwidth efficiency. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular technique used for digital data transmission due to its low computational complexity and simple equalization process. One of its main drawbacks is the very large peak power to average power ratio (PAPR) which requires the use of very linear power amplifiers (PA) and a large power back-off into the PA. In recent years a variant of OFDM has been developed known as constant envelope OFDM. This paper will compare the bandwidth efficiency and performance of CPM and constant-envelope OFDM waveforms.
For radio communication systems, powerful error correction codes are necessary to operate in noisy and
fading channel conditions. Iterative forward error correction schemes like Turbo codes can achieve near
Shannon capacity performance on memory-less channels and also perform well on correlated fading
channels. The key to the excellent decoding performance of the Turbo coding systems is the BCJR
algorithm in conjunction with the iterative processing of soft information. A very popular modulation
technique is Differential Phase Shift Key (DPSK) which is not only a simple non-coherent modulation and
demodulation technique; it is also a recursive rate one code. Combining DPSK with a single convolutional
code structure as an iterative inner outer forward error correction system can provide excellent Turbo like
performance. Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation with Iterative Demodulation (BICM-ID), another powerful iterative technique achieves near Turbo code performance with significantly less mips. We will also introduce and compare with the latter systems yet another novel iterative scheme that utilizes coherent demodulation in conjunction with convolutional codes. This new system can easily be extended to higher order modulations such as 16 and 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) while only requiring modest amounts of processing power. Monte Carlo simulation results will be shown for the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels.
This paper will investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of coded and interleaved continuous phase modulation
(CPM) waveforms on multipath channels. Coded and interleaved CPM waveforms offer some very attractive
performance benefits since the CPM waveform can be viewed as rate 1 recursive inner code which can be concatenated
with an outer convolutional code and when iteratively decoded, achieve performance close to the Shannon bound. This
paper will begin with a brief overview of CPM waveforms. Then, an investigation into several features of CPM
waveforms such as spectral characteristics, uncoded performance and iterative decoded performance will be provided.
Following this, the optimum CPM demodulator for use on multipath channels will be described and its BER
performance evaluated for a few multipath channels. This paper will conclude with a brief summary of the results.
KEYWORDS: Modulation, Receivers, Phase shift keying, Global system for mobile communications, Doppler effect, Monte Carlo methods, Error analysis, Performance modeling, Fourier transforms, Binary data
Constant Envelope, Spread Spectrum Modulation is highly desirable for low-power, battery-operated systems. It has
been demonstrated that Hybrid CPM is a constant envelope modulation with similar frequency diversity properties to the
standard spread-spectrum m-PSK DSSS and spread-MSK modulation schemes while retaining a superior emissions
profile. This paper continues the analysis of the novel constant envelope spread spectrum modulation technique with an
analysis of the commonly utilized rake receiver signal processing. Initially, a simple channel model is developed to
illustrate and compare the convergence of the channel estimate over a fixed, non-time-varying channel. A more complex,
wireless channel model is then developed and a new corresponding method for channel estimation created. A Monte-
Carlo simulated bit error rate performance of Hybrid CPM is then generated to evaluate the overall performance of the
Hybrid CPM modulation scheme.
For radio communication systems, powerful error correction codes are necessary to operate in noisy and
fading channel conditions. Iterative forward error correction schemes like Turbo codes can achieve near
Shannon capacity performance on memory-less channels and also perform well on correlated fading
channels. The key to the excellent decoding performance of the Turbo coding systems is the BCJR
algorithm in conjunction with the iterative processing of soft information. A very popular modulation
technique is Differential Phase Shift Key (DPSK) which is not only a simple non-coherent modulation and
demodulation technique; it is also a recursive rate one code. Combining DPSK with a single convolutional
code structure as an iterative inner outer forward error correction system can provide excellent Turbo like
performance. Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation with Iterative Demodulation (BICM-ID), which is a
similar iterative coding system that allows full coherent processing, will be analyzed and compared to the
DPSK BCJR iterative system. Monte Carlo simulation results will be shown for the Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels.
Power Amplifiers (PAs) are typically used to convert low-power Radio Frequency (RF) signals into high-power RF
signals. Most wireless communications systems employ power amplifiers in order to increase the operating range of the
system. However, this conversion process can have some undesired effects on the underlying physical layer waveforms
which are used to communicate the digital information. This paper will investigate the effects of power amplifiers on the
two most popular waveform design techniques used for the transmission of digital data over wireless channels: singlecarrier
and multi-carrier. Of main interest will be the effects caused by PAs to each waveform's out-of-band emissions,
average and peak transmit power, received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance.
For radio communication systems powerful error correction codes are necessary to operate in noisy and
fading channel conditions. Iterative forward error correction schemes like Turbo codes can achieve near
Shannon capacity performance on memory-less channels and also perform well on correlated fading
channels. The key to the excellent decoding performance of the Turbo coding systems is the BCJR
algorithm in conjunction with the iterative processing of the soft decision information. A very popular
modulation technique is Differential Phase Shift Key (DPSK) which is not only a simple non-coherent
modulation and demodulation technique, it is also a recursive rate one code. Combining DPSK with a
single convolutional code structure as an iterative inner outer forward error correction system can provide
excellent Turbo like performance. Monte Carlo simulation results will be shown for the Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels for 1, 2, 3 and 4 bits per symbol DPSK.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become a very popular technique for digital data
transmission on multipath fading channels due to its low computational complexity and simple equalization process.
However, the multipath component of these types of channels causes a phenomenon known as frequency selective
fading. This type of fading can severely degrade or completely eliminate the signal energy of many of the OFDM tones
producing an irreducible error rate, even when no noise is present. Consequently, most OFDM systems operating in
multipath fading environments utilize some form of forward error correction (FEC) and block interleaving. OFDM
waveforms which utilize FEC are usually referred to as coded OFDM (COFDM). One of the main drawbacks of OFDM
and COFDM waveforms is the very large peak envelope power to average power ratio (PAPR) which requires the use of
very linear power amplifiers (PA) and a large power back-off into the PA. To reduce the PAPR, clipping is typically
utilized. In addition, filtering must be applied to OFDM and COFDM waveforms in order to contain their spectral
occupancy. This paper will investigate the effects of filtering, clipping and power amplification on the performance of
OFDM and COFDM waveforms. The multipath fading channels used for testing will be based on the High Frequency
(HF) channels due to their challenging nature.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Forward error correction, Amplifiers, Phase shift keying, Distortion, Systems modeling, Demodulation, Data conversion
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become a very popular technique for digital data
transmission on multipath fading channels due to its low computational complexity and simple equalization process.
However, the multipath component of these types of channels causes a phenomenon known as frequency selective
fading. This type of fading can severely degrade or completely eliminate the signal energy of many of the OFDM tones
producing an irreducible error rate, even when no noise is present. Consequently, most OFDM systems operating in
multipath fading environments utilize some form of forward error correction (FEC) and block interleaving. OFDM
waveforms which utilize FEC are usually referred to as coded OFDM (COFDM). One of the main drawbacks of OFDM
and COFDM waveforms is the very large peak power to average power ratio (PAR) which requires the use of very
linear power amplifiers (PA) and a large power back-off into the PA. In recent years there has been much interest in
creating constant-envelope variations of OFDM and COFDM waveforms in order to overcome the PAR drawback. This
paper will investigate constant-envelope (CE) variants of OFDM and COFDM waveforms for use on HF multipath
fading channels.
Since their introduction in 1993, turbo codes have received a significant amount of attention in the communications
theory field due to their Shannon-capacity approaching performance. In recent years, the cellular systems market has
embraced turbo code technology and made it part of the latest standards. This paper will review the effects of scale
factors, fixed-point precision, soft decisions and hard decisions on the performance of the turbo codes defined in the
UMTS third-generation cellular system. In addition, a new scale factor estimation technique which provides improved
performance at low signal to noise ratios will be presented.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely used technique for data transmission on multipath
fading channels. The multipath component of these types of channels causes a phenomenon known as frequency
selective fading. This type of fading can severely degrade or completely eliminate the signal energy of many of the
OFDM tones producing an irreducible error rate, even when no noise is present. In the early 1990's, researchers
combined some of the characteristics of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Spread Spectrum (SS) with
OFDM in order to create a more robust modulation scheme capable of surviving frequency selective fading without the
need for forward error correction (FEC) techniques and thus OFDM-CDMA was born. Similar to OFDM, FEC coding
can be added to OFDM-CDMA waveforms to further improve performance (referred to as COFDM-CDMA). An
additional performance improvement possible for COFDM-CDMA is to exploit the output of the FEC decoder in an
iterative fashion. This paper will investigate the possible performance benefits of feeding back the decoded FEC data bits
to the mutiuser (i.e. multidata) detection (MUD) scheme of COFDM-CDMA waveforms on various HF multipath/fading
channels.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Modulation, Forward error correction, Signal to noise ratio, Demodulation, Data conversion, Error analysis, Doppler effect, Systems modeling, Interference (communication)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely used technique for data transmission on
multipath fading channels. The multipath component of these types of channels causes a phenomenon known
as frequency selective fading. This type of fading can severely degrade or completely eliminate the signal
energy of many of the OFDM tones producing an irreducible error rate, even when no noise is present. In the
early 1990's, researchers combined some of the characteristics of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
and Spread Spectrum (SS) with OFDM in order to create a more robust modulation scheme capable of
surviving frequency selective fading without the need for forward error correction (FEC) techniques and thus
OFDM-CDMA was born. This paper will investigate how the code rate and channel estimation affect the
performance of coded OFDM and OFDM-CDMA waveforms on various HF multipath/fading channels.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Forward error correction, Demodulation, Data conversion, Interference (communication), Systems modeling, Data analysis, Data modeling
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very popular technique used for data transmission on multipath fading channels. The multipath component of these types of channels causes a phenomenon known as frequency selective fading. This type of fading can severely degrade or completely eliminate the signal energy of many of the OFDM tones producing an irreducible error rate, even when no noise is present. In the early 1990's, researchers combined some of the characteristics of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Spread Spectrum (SS) with OFDM in order to create a more robust modulation scheme capable of surviving frequency selective fading without the need for forward error correction (FEC) techniques and thus OFDM-CDMA was born. This paper will investigate the performance of uncoded and coded OFDM and OFDM-CDMA waveforms on various HF multipath/fading channels.
KEYWORDS: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Modulation, Signal to noise ratio, Demodulation, Data conversion, Data analysis, Data modeling, Systems modeling, Fast wavelet transforms, Error analysis
One of the key limitations of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms when used for data transmission on multipath fading channels is frequency selective fading. This type of fading can cancel out or severely degrade the signal strength of many of the OFDM tones, producing an irreducible error rate. In the early 1990’s, researchers combined some of the characteristics of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Spread Spectrum (SS) with OFDM in order to create a more robust modulation scheme which could survive frequency selective fading and thus OFDM-CDMA was born. This paper will investigate the performance of OFDM-CDMA waveforms using different modulation schemes on HF multipath fading channels. In addition, several Multi-User Detection (MUD) schemes will be applied in the demodulation process to determine their benefits.
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