We propose a new scheme for high conversion efficiency from laser energy to 13.5 nm extreme ultra violet emission
within 2 % band width, a double pulse laser irradiation scheme with a tin droplet target. We consider two-color lasers, a
Nd:YAG laser with 1.06 µm in wavelength as a prepulse and a carbon dioxide laser with 10.6 µm in wavelength for a
main pulse. We show the possibility of obtaining a CE of 5 - 7 % using a benchmarked radiation hydro code. We have
experimentally tested the new scheme and observed increase of CE greater than 4 %. We show many additional
advantages of the new scheme, such as reduction of neutral debris, energy reduction of debris ions, and decrease of out
of band emission. We also discuss debris problems, such as ion sputtering using newly developed MD simulations, ion
mitigation by a newly designed magnetic coil using 3-PIC simulations and tin cleaning experiments.
We have developed an integrated Laser Ablation Fluid Radiation simulation Code (LAFRAC) to estimate the behaviors of highly energetic ions and neutral particles from LPP EUV light sources, and estimated recombination and charge transfer processes between the particles from laser-produced Xe EUV light sources. We clarify that charge transfer effects greatly affect on the number density of neutral particles, especially high energy (more than roughly 500 eV) neutral particles.
A possible design window for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source has been introduced, which is needed for
its realistic use for next generation lithography. For this goal, we have prepared a set of numerical simulation codes to
estimate the conversion efficiency from laser energy to radiation energy with a wavelength of 13.5 nm with 2 %
bandwidth, which includes atomic structure, opacity and emissibity and hydro dynamics codes. The simulation explains
well the observed conversion efficiency dependence of incident power using GEKKO XII laser system as well as spectral
shapes. It is found that the conversion efficiency into 13.5 nm at 2% bandwidth has its maximum of a few percent at the
laser intensity 1-2 x 1011 W/cm2.
Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) light source produced by laser irradiation emits not only the desired EUV light of
13 ~ 14 nm (about 90 eV) but also shorter x-rays. For example, emissions around 4 ~ 8 nm (about 150 ~ 300 eV)
and 1 ~ 2.5 nm (about 0.5 ~ 1.2 keV) are experimentally observed from Sn and/or SnO2 plasmas. These
emissions are correspond to the N-shell and M-shell transitions, respectively. From the view point of energy
balance and efficiency, these transitions should be suppressed. However, they may, to some extent, contribute
to provide the 5p and 4f levels with electrons which eventually emit the EUV light and enhance the intensity.
To know well about radiative properties and kinematic of the whole plasma, atomic population kinetics and
spectral synthesis codes have been developed. These codes can estimate the atomic population with nl-scheme
and spectral shapes of the EUV light. Radiation hydrodynamic simulation have been proceeding in this analysis.
Finally, the laser intensity dependence of the conversion efficiency calculated by these codes agrees with that of
the corresponding experimental results.
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