For many years, the basic goal of sparse aperture design has been to maximize the support of the
modulation transfer function (MTF). Golay apertures and related nonredundant arrays are typically
used to achieve this objective. Unfortunately, maximizing the support of the MTF has the necessary
effect of decreasing the magnitude of the MTF at mid-band spatial frequencies. Fienup has shown
that the decreased magnitude of the MTF for nonredundant arrays contributes as much as reduced
throughput to the loss of SNR in sparse apertures relative to full aperture systems. This paper
considers the use of periodic sparse arrays to improve the mid-band MTF at the cost of reduced
spatial frequency coverage. We further consider methods to recover lost spatial frequencies using
multispectral and multiframe sampling and decompressive inference.
Diverse physical measurements can be modeled by X-ray transforms. While X-ray tomography is the canonical
example, reference structure tomography (RST) and coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging (CASSI)
are examples of physically unrelated but mathematically equivalent sensor systems. Historically, most x-ray
transform based systems sample continuous distributions and apply analytical inversion processes. On the other
hand, RST and CASSI generate discrete multiplexed measurements implemented with coded apertures. This
multiplexing of coded measurements allows for compression of measurements from a compressed sensing perspective.
Compressed sensing (CS) is a revelation that if the object has a sparse representation in some basis,
then a certain number, but typically much less than what is prescribed by Shannon's sampling rate, of random
projections captures enough information for a highly accurate reconstruction of the object. This paper investigates
the role of coded apertures in x-ray transform measurement systems (XTMs) in terms of data efficiency
and reconstruction fidelity from a CS perspective. To conduct this, we construct a unified analysis using RST
and CASSI measurement models. Also, we propose a novel compressive x-ray tomography measurement scheme
which also exploits coding and multiplexing, and hence shares the analysis of the other two XTMs. Using this
analysis, we perform a qualitative study on how coded apertures can be exploited to implement physical random
projections by "regularizing" the measurement systems. Numerical studies and simulation results demonstrate
several examples of the impact of coding.
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