Metamaterials were assembled using the force of a light gradient in a one-dimensional Standing Wave Optical Trap (SWOT) that was time-shared across the 2-D lattice to create a three-dimensional (3D) array of traps, which was then populated with monodispersed dielectric or metallic nanoparticles (NPs). The NP structure was anchored to a hydrogel scaffold, and then the process was repeated to create macroscopic metamaterials. The error in particle position within a voxel (σ=55 nm) was limited by dark time Brownian motion, whereas the error between voxels, (σ=88 nm) was limited by the microscope stage repeatability. Also, compared to a Gaussian beam SWOT, a non-diffractive, pseudo-Bessel beam SWOT produced a longer array due to greater focus-depth and self-healing distance.
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