It is crucial to investigate how the channel influences communication in a satellite environment, especially under changing environmental circumstances. Only in conditions of channel variability the benefits of the Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) and the related dynamic adaptations of the different Modulation&Codings (MODCODs) in a Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard can be understood. In this study, the model of a satellite channel that incorporates rain attenuation is the main topic of discussion. Our modeling approach is based on a model proposed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and was developed using Matlab tool. It is composed of two parts: the first allows for the extraction of the state transition matrix for a given longitude and latitude using a Markov chains approach; the second, using the previously extracted matrices, tries to discover a closed formula for the matrix probabilities as functions of latitude and longitude through the polynomial regression technique.
One of the key features of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) device is its constrained resource availability and its security weakness. As a result, the research of the energy and security issues is crucial because of how much they influence WSN behavior. Traditional security procedures are not the best given the restricted resources of nodes, thus it is necessary to analyze new strategies in order to take this particular node attribute into consideration. In this study, a MAC layer impersonation attack is examined, and the performance of a network of four sensor nodes, a gateway, and a server is assessed using the LMAC and BMAC protocols in terms of the average energy used by each node in the WSN under consideration.
One crucial topic for scientific community analysis is the use of drones to support traffic in emergency and critical situations. In all those circumstances when users need to interact without access to other infrastructure, these devices can self-organize into a communication network called FANET. In order to keep the drones’ network architecture consistent, this study suggests to use an ant-based routing technique. It also demonstrates how energy consumption may be a significant factor in the success of a network activity. Energy, overhead, and delivery ratio have all been taken into consideration while evaluating performance.
In recent years, the efficient design of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has become one of the fundamental fields of research. These networks are made up of a large number of sensor nodes characterized by a limited amount of resources so, the energy aspect is a key point in their development. MAC protocols play an important role in energy management, trying to minimize overhead of the physical layer reducing the energy wasted in preamble transmission. In this paper, we have implemented two different MAC protocols on various scenarios of WSNs by using OMNeT++ simulator in combination with INET framework. Our experiments show a comparison between two MAC protocols in terms of received packets and power consumption among networks’ nodes.
Multicast services are a one-to-many communication typology representing an important user services technique mostly used for those networks naturally broadcast. The nodes in the network have to send explicitly join and leave messages in order to participate in the multicast communication using the well-known Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). This paper focuses on the introduction of a multicast paradigm on a hybrid multi-layer wireless system. The protocol used is the Core Based Tree (CBT) with the introduction of QoS requirements in order to guarantee the constraints required by the users. A precise scenario has been considered and, for the simulation campaigns an ad-hoc simulator developed in java language has been used. Finally, the obtained results for the considered scenario have been described.
In the last years smart irrigation has become an hot topic at the center of the scientific research attention providing to give solutions able to enhance these systems. The growing shortage of water resources, due to climate change and land use, requires more effective water use strategies for agriculture. Given the high consumption by the agricultural sector, we understand how making the consumption of water for irrigation more intelligent leads to a significant improvement in the management of this resource. In this paper we propose an IoT system composed of specific devices that cooperate in order to realize a smart irrigation management system able to correctly and efficiently use the water resource. The proposed architecture is based on sensor nodes flooded in the terrain and able to collect a series of data needed to operate the water irrigation throughout an intelligence decision maker based on a reinforcement learning algorithm modeled through a Markov Decision Process approach. The proposed reinforcement learning smart irrigation system has been compared with a system based on a simple threshold mechanism in terms of water and energy consumption.
KEYWORDS: Roads, Safety, Sensors, Clouds, Data communications, Veins, Telecommunications, Global Positioning System, Control systems, Standards development
The research trend of these last few years in the Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) domain is measuring an enormous raise of interest. Car manufacturers are developing new models that are even more involved in the Internet of Vehicle (IoV) networking. Here, vehicles can communicate between them exploiting VehicleTo-Everything (V2X) communication paradigms to acquire more data about the surrounding environments. However, the vehicular communications fields attracts researchers for developing new solutions for enhancing the on board comfort and increase drivers and passengers safety. In this work, a new device called Safety On Board Device (SOBD) is proposed to increase performances of the on board system. A dedicated protocol for promoting a vehicles cooperation has been designed by exploiting Wave Short Message Protocol (WSMP) and WAVE Short Message (WSM) beacons format. The main goal may help drivers to have a faster reaction to dangerous situations. This will be tested in a simulated urban environment to demonstrate the effective goodness of the proposal. This system will help to reduce the overall number of collisions achieving a reduction of traffic jams and measured journey time.
Nowadays, new services and current IT applications require an increasingly dynamic telecommunication network capable of adapting to the changing needs of users and network managers in a short time. So, in the recent years a new technological paradigm is born called Software Defined Networking (SDN) able to change strongly the way to interact with the network devices. These changes have been possible also thanks to the rapid development of a new technological concept: the Virtualization. With the introduction of the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and the SDN architectures the software component is playing a key role in a lot of applications of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Now, thanks to these new paradigms, the networks are became ”smart” and ”programmable”. Then, the possibility of using adequate tools for performing test on networks and devices represents an important way to operate without the need of buying expensive hardware. Mininet is a software emulator able to manage a set of network terminals (hosts), switches, routers and also the various connections on a single Linux environment and it is able to simulate an entire network. In this paper, an overview on Mininet network emulator is provided showing its potential and scalability with different network topologies
In the near future, drones are expected to increase their interest and be adopted for an ever-growing number of tasks in different fields. This creates multiple challenges in terms of system/navigation, requiring significant integration efforts, multiple testbeds and deployment results, and novel protocols. One of the main aspects under studying by scientific community regards the possibility of using drones as relays in the sky. This brings to a series of issues around the channel link and the drones behavior in wireless communications both for sending commands or data in the bidirectional channel. In literature, many works are dedicated to the channel in drone environment and to the path condition for the specific considered scenario. In this work, we present an analysis of drone channel in a realistic path loss model for wireless communications, considering geometry parameters, the coverage radius and drones height on order to provide the correct connectivity to users.
The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has attracted prominent attention from researchers, engineers, and investors in multidisciplinary fields such as agriculture, signal coverage, emergency situations, disaster events, farmland and environment monitoring, 3D-mapping, and so forth. The paper focuses on the application of a two layer architecture where a WSN is used to collect data coming from sensors monitoring a crop and a drones’ layer where UAV can gather data stored by WSN gateway to transmit them to a data center for processing and feature extractions. The architecture has been evaluated in terms of overall data gathering task and data storage requested at the WSN GTW considering WSN islands disseminated in a crop.
Drones interconnected in a multi-hop ad-hoc fashion and forming a Flying Ad-Hoc Network (FANET) can be used for accomplishing a lot of different tasks. this context, a key role is played by routing protocols in order to allow data exchange following the best path between source and destination. The contribution of this work is to explore and compare two different typologies of routing protocols such as the classical protocols based on link state or those based on heuristics approach such as bio-inspired (swarm intelligence) ones that make use of real life behaviors in order to resolve complex problems. These new kinds of protocols based on heuristic approach can be lighter and more efficient in comparison with classical protocols and leading to a sub-optimal solution, in a few time and with a more efficient resource consumption remaining always able to resolve in a satisfactory way the specific task.
The drones are nowadays devices able to help human operators in a lot of fields, one of these regards the operations of rescue in disasters or emergency events. In these scenarios, the possibility of using in a rapid way a fleet of drones which can be deployed rapidly and are able to cover a particular disaster area and provide connectivity has high importance. This importance regards the possibility for the drones of permitting the communications between the operators that, otherwise, could have serious difficulties because the current communication technologies heavily rely on the backbone network and the failure of base stations (BSs) due to natural disasters causes communication difficulties for public-safety and emergency communications. The contribution of this work is to explore the use of drones for providing safety communications during natural disasters, where part of the communication infrastructure becomes damaged and dysfunctional. We introduce in the system a human mobility model for disaster events in order to take into account the behavior of the people that in these situations has to move in the area full of obstacles created by the considered disaster. The human mobility affects how to provide connectivity in the area where it is possible to have part of the area most crowded than other. So, the drone that covers this particular region has an overload of traffic and, then it is opportune to redirect the traffic flow in order to guarantee the communication between the operators' devices inside the disaster area.
The problem of leading dangerous missions or rescue missions in places where some heart quake or tsunami can destroy building, roads and network structures is always becoming a hot issue specially considering how to perform actions to save people in the smallest amount of time and considering that often the actions need to be performed in a distributed way among more regions affected by the disaster. At this purpose, robots and networked robots' systems could be a possible way to support human actions in order to fast the rescue process and to reduce the risk for human operators. This work considers a networking protocol to support the coordination of mobile robots with different capabilities in order to reduce the space discovery time to find the people to rescue and to help them to move out from the destroyed region. The protocol try to support a multi-task allocations considering the distributions of tasks and of robots in the space and trying to reduce the overall cost in terms of rescue time and control overhead in the team coordination.
In the last few years, the rising interests in the field of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) created new opportunities to develop applications and services in several domains. Some of the most important are the smart farming and precision agriculture domains. Thanks to the feasibility and the versatility of these systems it is possible to accomplish several jobs with the same device. In this application context, we propose a new system composed of a master smart station, some slave satellite stations and UAV fleet. It is developed on the basis of the M2M communication paradigm where devices cooperate between them in an autonomous way to perform assigned tasks. In particular, we designed a smart station which is responsible for managing fleet by assigning tasks and scheduling activities. Moreover, it is also responsible for managing satellite stations for assisting the fleet during its operations. In particular, these stations stock energy during their idle state. We propose an all-in-one hardware solution based on energy harvesting approaches all implemented in the smart stations. Moreover, they supply energy in an on-demand way to the UAV devices which are asking for recharge during their missions. Finally, we designed a customized protocol in an M2M environment based on the MQTT framework to ensure communication between devices and to coordinate operations.
In the last years, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are becoming always more attractive due to their capacity of a rapid deployment and their wide range of application in many real world scenarios. Among the various fields of application, recently, the use of drones in the precision agriculture is becoming much relevant for the researchers community. The studies related to agriculture concern different aspects such as livestock monitoring, crops and water levels. The drones are able to perform these tasks thank to a series of different sensors and actuators equipped on board. Cameras on board allow, through opportune algorithms, the gathering of detailed information about plants health. If a health problem is detected then the the drone can intervene precisely on the specific problem. The contribution of this work is a communication protocols analysis applied to the problem of controlling a fleet of drones against parasites attacks to the crops. Moreover, the study of the different approaches aims to measure their performance and costs. In particular, the various approaches face also the issues of exploring the area in the shortest time possible avoiding that the same area is explored from more drones, discovering the parasites and preventing their proliferation spraying the right quantity of pesticide. The drones, being equipped with limited quantities of both fuel and pesticide, can ask for help to other drones to complete the elimination of the parasites. To face these last issues some recruitment protocols have been tested, focusing on bio-inspired one.
KEYWORDS: Robots, Land mines, Environmental sensing, Wireless communications, Mining, Mining, Land mines, Mobile robots, Sensors, Systems modeling, Tolerancing, Mobile communications
Coordination among multiple robots has been extensively studied, since a number of practical real problem s can be performed using an effective approach. In this paper is investigated a collective task that requires a multi-robot system to search for randomly distributed mines in an unknown environment and disarm them cooperatively. The communication among the swarm of robots influences the overall performance in terms of time to execute the task or consumed energy. To address this problem, a new distributed recruiting protocol to coordinate a swarm of robots in demining mission, is described. This problem is a multi-objective problem and two bio inspired strategies are used. The novelty of this approach lies in the combination of direct and indirect communication: on one hand an indirect communication among robots is used for the exploration of the environment, on the other hand a novel protocol is used to accomplish the recruiting and coordination of the robots for demining task. This protocol attempts to tackle the question of how autonomous robot can coordinate themselves into an unknown environment relying on simple low-level capabilities. The strategy is able to adapt the current system dynamics if the number of robots or the environment structure or both change. The proposed approach has been implemented and has been evaluated in several simulated environments. We analyzed the impact of our approach in the overall performance of a robot team. Experimental results indicated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed protocol to spread the robots in the environment.
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