The Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation has the advantages of low-latency transmission and global coverage and has a wide range of applications in emergency rescue, aviation, and sea voyages. With the highly dynamic topologies, limited onboard computing resources, and large global routing computation overheads of the large-scale LEO constellation, centralized routing algorithms always encounter difficulties in such LEO satellite networks. Therefore, this paper proposes a flexible feedback intelligent routing algorithm based on deep Q-network (DQN) for large-scale LEO networks. By dynamically designing the reward function of DQN and adding a congestion alleviation scheme to the K-shortest path method in the training process, the delay and packet loss performances are improved. The delay performance is improved by 8%-12% over the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, which is closer to the Shortest Delay First (SDF) algorithm with a minimum difference of only 6%. At the same time, the proposed algorithm has better packet loss performances than SPF and SDF algorithms to avoid congestion. When the congestion occurs, the algorithm can choose other paths.
Large-scale low-orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks have the characteristics of wide coverage and low delay, and have attracted a lot of attention. However, due to the fast moving speed of LEO satellites, the topology of LEO networks changes frequently. In order to improve the utilization of network resources and the speed of routing calculation, this paper proposes a dynamic routing method for large-scale low-orbit satellite networks based on multi-agent DQN location guided networks. With the training of a large amount of prior data, the proposed method can enable the network nodes to make routing decisions based only on the surrounding environment. In addition, the transmission domain partition scheme is proposed, which can accelerate DQN convergence by reducing the routing scope and decreasing the satellite nodes during training. As the traffic distribution of satellite networks is not uniform in reality, a queuing model based on population density distribution is established. The simulation results demonstrate that this method has better performance than the existing methods in terms of packet loss rate, and model convergence speed and can decrease the end-to-end latency.
We propose a novel patch antenna operating at 300 GHz. The antenna has a footprint of 500 μm × 500 &mum and a height of 198 &mum. The matching and radiation properties are studied. The simulation results show that the return loss (S11) is below -10 dB in the frequency range of 290.75 to 308.20 GHz and the relative bandwidth is 5.8%. At the central frequency of 300 GHz, the S11 is -16.3 dB and the gain reaches 5.34 dB. Because of the symmetry of the structure, the 2-D radiation patterns in φ=0°and φ=90° planes are almost coincident. The designed antenna has a wide -3 dBbeamwidth of 105.8° on both φ=0° and φ=90° planes.
The development of low-orbit (LEO) satellites has attracted wide attention from industry and academia. Due to the scarcity of spectrum resources, LEO satellites in spectrum use respect have to share spectrum with other systems in space. In order to alleviate the shortage of space spectrum resources, spectrum sharing has been widely paid attention. Focusing on the sharing of spectrum between low-orbit (LEO) satellites and legacy geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites, a cognitive collaboration optimization method for sharing spectrum among LEO satellite groups and GEO satellite is proposed. At the expense of assisting in relaying information from GEO satellite, LEO satellite groups are granted the right to use the authorized spectrum of GEO satellite. With the minimum transmit rate of GEO satellite guaranteed and the transmit power threshold of each LEO satellite as the constraints, the optimization problem by optimizing forward matrix and precoding vector at each LEO satellite is established to maximize the minimum transmission rate in LEO satellite group. Considering established non-convex optimization problem, precoding vector and forward matrix optimization solving algorithm is proposed by jointly adopting bisection method, primal-contrapositive transform and primal-dual method. The proposed scheme is validated through numerical simulation. This paper provides a potential spectrum sharing method among GEO and LEO satellites to support theoretical basis and experimental data for parameter design, such as the number of LEO satellites participating in the cooperation. The cooperation performance and cooperative node selection in space time-dependent networks will be discussed in future research.
Recently, a series of researches have been emphasized on developing advanced satellite networks, mostly because of its advantage in providing spaced-based global communication service. But most of these work prefer to focus on the timevarying topologies, large delays and intermittent connections of satellite networks. However, there is another issue worthy of attentions, i.e., the scarcity and preciousness of satellite resources, owing to the shortage of orbit resources and the high cost of launching a satellite. Therefore, it is significantly important to consider the efficient utilization of resources during designing routing strategies for satellite networks. In this paper, we propose two routing algorithms to optimize the number of used inter-satellite links, which will directly improve the bandwidth utilization and save resources for LEO satellite networks. The basic idea is to reduce the number of links used by lower-priority traffic through scheduling them to links used by highest-priority services, and simultaneously introduce the load balancing strategies to control the aggregation of network flow. Simulation results show that with the price of little longer latency and load unbalancing, our algorithms can effectively decrease the total number of used links, and thus improve the resource utilization and save energy for satellite networks.
The optical frequency comb(OFC) technology is suitable for precise dimensional metrology for its low fractional uncertainty, while coherent optical communication has the advantages of high receiving sensitivity and capacity. To combine the benefits of both technologies, a novel single-polarization 272 Gb/s coherent optical communication scheme employing four wavelengths is proposed and evaluated. By introducing a 100MHz-reption rate home-made mode-lock fiber laser and optical band-pass filters, the 150GHz-bandwidth OFC signal is generated and transmitted with the coherent optical signals. By the demodulation of the real-time coherent optical receiver, the bit-error-rate (BER) results of four wavelengths are obtained. The proposed scheme provides a simple way to achieve wideband communication and the OFC signal transmission, which can be attractive for the application of onboard integration of communication and ranging.
We designed and implemented a dynamic simulation platform for software defined optical satellite networking. It can simulate all nodes in satellite network on one computer. It can refresh the network in real time in a highly dynamic and complex environment, including changes in the connection between nodes caused by the dynamic periodic motion of the satellite and changes in link quality, etc. In addition, the platform can apply other algorithms in the simulation network so that the platform is practical and scalable. We also conducted the test of the small satellite constellation on this platform. The experimental results obtained are in line with expectations and reflects the practical capabilities of the platform.
We propose a scheme for a large scalable and compact antenna array with subwavelength antenna spacing. In this scheme, the array consists of a series of hybrid plasmonic nanoantennas, which operate at 1550 nm and have a subwavelength footprint. In a wide bandwidth, the nanoantenna is highly compatible with a low-loss silicon waveguide, which feeds light from the bottom of the nanoantenna. Based on the proposed nanoantenna, two silicon photonic antenna arrays (1 × 8 and 8 × 8) are designed and investigated in detail. Both the one- and two-dimensional arrays can realize wide steering without grating lobes. For the 8 × 8 array, a high gain of 24.2 dB and wide steering range of 88.0 deg × 90.0 deg are achieved.
In this paper, the cognitive multi-beam satellite system, i.e., two satellite networks coexist through underlay spectrum sharing, is studied, and the power and spectrum allocation method is employed for interference control and throughput maximization. Specifically, the multi-beam satellite with flexible payload reuses the authorized spectrum of the primary satellite, adjusting its transmission band as well as power for each beam to limit its interference on the primary satellite below the prescribed threshold and maximize its own achievable rate. This power and spectrum allocation problem is formulated as a mixed nonconvex programming. For effective solving, we first introduce the concept of signal to leakage plus noise ratio (SLNR) to decouple multiple transmit power variables in the both objective and constraint, and then propose a heuristic algorithm to assign spectrum sub-bands. After that, a stepwise plus slice-wise algorithm is proposed to implement the discrete power allocation. Finally, simulation results show that adopting cognitive technology can improve spectrum efficiency of the satellite communication.
To solve the satellite repeater’s flexible and wide-band frequency conversion problem, two novel microwave photonic repeater schemes of generating four and eight different output RF frequencies from one input RF carrier are proposed by adjusting the dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder Modulator’s(DPMZM) electrical configurations. Both schemes can realize simultaneous inter- and intra-band frequency conversion in one single structure and need only one onboard frequency-fixed microwave source. In the first scheme, one C-band RF signal’s 6 GHz carrier can be successfully converted to 2GHz, 4GHz, 16GHz and 22GHz, while the other scheme demonstrates the frequency conversion from 16GHz to eight different frequencies(6GHz, 26GHz, 22GHz, 42GHz, 4GHz, 36GHz, 12GHz and 52GHz).
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