With the developing of space optical remote sensing from understanding the earth to exploring the universe, the development of optical systems for space optical remote sensors is becoming more and more demanding. In the deep space exploration mission, the target signal is weak relative to the background signal. In order to improve the detection sensitivity of the system, and in order to reduce the influence of background radiation on the observation and to pursue the maximum performance of medium and long wave infrared detection, we need to reduce the temperature of the optical system and detector to a low temperature as much as possible. Therefore, the application of cryogenic optics will become more and more important. We can foresee that cryo-space optics will become an important development trend of optical remote sensing. In the development of cryogenic optical systems, it is a very important task to determine the performance of materials in cryogenic environments. The cryogenic properties of certain materials have been tested and some useful data have been obtained in the world.
The discoveries of main belt comets (MBC) in early twentieth century have attracted great interests of the planetary society, as the water ice and other volatile rich MBCs are located in the main belt and thus may have played a fundamental role in supplying waters to the early Earth. Therefore, MBCs are very interesting and important candidate objects for near future deep space exploration missions. We first summarize the scientific objectives of visible and infrared spectrometers for a flyby mission. Then we propose the major technical specifications for the spectrometers, based on the optical and thermal properties of one of the major targets, 133P/Elst-Pizarro. Our proposed spectral coverage is from 0.4 to 50 μm, which is realized by two spectrometers covering 0.4-5 μm and 5-50 μm, respectively. Visible and infrared imaging spectrometer (VIIS) is a grating spectrometer covering 0.4 to 5 μm with a spectral resolution of 5 nm in the VIS/NIR band and 10 nm in the SWIR/MWIR band. The spatial resolution of the VIIS is 0.5 m at an observational distance of 5 km. The signal to noise ratio of the spectrometer is better than 100 using cryogenic optics technology. Thermal emission spectrometer (TES) is a time modulated Fourier transform spectrometer which covers5-50 μmby one single interferometer. The spectral resolution of TES is 8 cm-1. The spatial resolution of TES is 10 m at an observational distance of 5 km.
PMS (panchromatic/multi-spectral) camera is one of the main payloads of the ZY-1(02C) satellite. It is a new generation camera of multi-spectral bands, which is developed by Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity (BISME). PMS camera has one panchromatic band with 5m GSD, 3 multispectral bands with 10m GSD at nadir. The swath of camera is 60 km. It also has the sight capability of ±32°.
On the December 22nd in 2011, ZY-1(02C) satellite was launched up successfully. PMS camera operates well and the image is good.
This paper gives the design and verification in the laboratory of the PMS camera. The test results show that the PMS camera satisfies the requirements.
The China-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) program, (also called ZY-1) the result of a space technology agreement between China and Brazil, was officially signed in 1988 after the first joint work report produced by National Institute for Space Research (INPE) and the Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST). During the 26 years of its existence, the program of cooperation between China and Brazil in space has achieved the successful launch of three satellites. It has become a unique example of cooperation in cutting edge technology between emerging nations. CBERS satellite is the first generation data-transferring remote sensing satellite developed by China. CBERS satellite data are widely applied to crop yield estimation, exploration of land and resources, urban planning, environmental protection and monitoring, disaster reduction, and other fields. CBERS series is just like Landsat series of USA and SPOT series of France.
Mars is the most similar planet as the Earth in the solar system. So it is the most studied planets in the solar system. U.S.A., Russia and E.U. have launched more than 43 satellites or spacecraft. China has realized to surround and land on the Moon, but has never been to explore Mars.
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