Multiple-instance learning (MIL) has been successfully utilized in image retrieval. Existing approaches cannot select positive instances correctly from positive bags which may result in a low accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new image retrieval approach called multiple instance learning based on instance-consistency (MILIC) to mitigate such issue. First, we select potential positive instances effectively in each positive bag by ranking instance-consistency (IC) values of instances. Then, we design a feature representation scheme, which can represent the relationship among bags and instances, based on potential positive instances to convert a bag into a single instance. Finally, we can use a standard single-instance learning strategy, such as the support vector machine, for performing object-based image retrieval. Experimental results on two challenging data sets show the effectiveness of our proposal in terms of accuracy and run time.
Image representation is the key part of image classification, and Fisher kernel has been considered as one of the most effective image feature coding methods. For the Fisher encoding method, there is a critical issue that the single GMM only models features within a rough granularity space. In this paper, we propose a method that is named Multi-scale and Multi-GMM Pooling (MMP), which could effectively represent the image from various granularities. We first conduct pooling using the multi-GMM instead of a single GMM. Then, we introduce multi-scale images to enrich the model’s inputs, which could improve the performance further. Finally, we validate out proposal on PASCAL VOC2007 dataset, and the experimental results show an obvious superiority over the basic Fisher model.
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