THz waves generated from the optical beats between longitudinal mode of a multimode cw laser daide. Efficiency of optical beats in a chaotically oscillating la-ser is confirmed comparing that of free running CW laser using a highly efficient plasmonic photomixer. The great potential of chaotically oscillating lasers is verified for THz systems.
We propose a plasmonic-niobium pentoxide coupling structure to achieve a high-speed and wide-steering optical phased array with reduced crosstalk and low power consumption.
An optical phased array (OPA) is a high-speed beam steering device which has no mechanical moving part. An antenna pitch of the OPA is important factor to determine the steering angle. We focused on high-speed phase modulator using an organic electro-optic (EO) polymer and plasmonic waveguide structure which has nano-scale light confinement effect to suppress crosstalk. We proposed OPA structure combined with organic EO polymer and inorganic materials such as Nb2O5 and metals. Mode converters from EO polymer optical phase modulator to Nb2O5 waveguide and plasmonic waveguide were designed by numerical simulation.
The semi-shell structures are attractive composite nanomaterials with properties such as optical anisotropy and large
absorption cross sections. In this study, to evaluate the optical characteristics for the optical geometry of the semi-shell
structure, we analyzed the scattered light spectrum using the propagation type surface plasmon. As a result of the
measurement, the difference of the spectrum was observed depending on the optical geometry of the semi-shell structures.
In addition, we confirmed their structures by FE-SEM observation of the measured structures, and evaluated the optical
properties related to the optical geometry of the structure by performing FDTD simulation. From the experimental and
numerical results, we evaluated statistical data on the orientation of the structure within a certain range. We could show
the positive effect of the surface modified substrate to control the orientation of the semi-shell structures.
Highly reflective reflector (> 99.9%) operating at deep ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength region around 244 nm was
proposed by using subwavelength grating (SWG) patterned AlN substrate. Structural parameters of AlN-SWG were
desgined for DUV reflector using the wavenumber dispersion relation of the eiegenmdoes resulting from its periodic
refractive index distribution. The electromagnetic field calculated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method
revealed the polarization selective reflection characteristics of the designed AlN-SWG, and the SWG can achieve more
than 99% reflectivity of p-polarization (the electric field is perpendicular to the grating fingers) at the DUV wavelength of
244 nm. This extremely high reflectivity, polarization selectivity and compactness of our AlN-SWG are very useful for
various DUV applications, such as cavity of DUV laser diodes.
Optical phased array is an important device for beam steering. To achieve the optical phased array which has wide steering angle, it is necessary the narrow antenna pitch. In this report, we proposed and investigated numerically the plasmonic waveguides antenna which has the low crosstalk for wide steering angle in the optical phased array. It was found that the crosstalk at the antenna pitch 800 nm of the gap type plasmonic waveguide can be almost ignored by the numerical simulation. The steering angle 156 degrees much wider than that of the conventional waveguides was achieved at this antenna pitch.
We theoretically calculated a metamaterial perfect absorber that exhibits broadband perfect absorption in the visible region using TiN nanostructures as resonator. We designed a 200 nm diameter TiN nanodisks array covered with a 5 nm thick TiO2 film. We used the FDTD method to obtain numerical values for reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance. By optimizing the structure design, we found that the average absorption with the TiN nanoresonators is 97% in the wavelength range from 350 nm to 750 nm. The calculated electric field distribution indicates a strong localized optical field around the TiN nanodisk which enhanced the light absorption.
Magnetic field detection was experimentally demonstrated utilizing the optical spectral change of Al-subwavelength grating (SWG) on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer. The Al-SWG was fabricated on the ITO layer by electron-beam lithography technique. The fabricated sample shows the peak in the reflection spectrum resulting from the excitation of guided-mode in ITO layer. Electron accumulation layer in ITO was induced by applying magnetic field and flowing current, and the accumulation layer decreased the reflection peak intensity. As the magnetic field of 172 mT was applied, the intensity decreasing reached to 3 % of that without magnetic field. The intensity returned to the original value before measurement when the magnetic field and the current disappeared. These results indicate that our structure can detect tens of mT magnetic field without degaussing.
A sensitive optical magnetic field sensor was experimentally demonstrated using Ni-subwavelength grating (SWG) combined with a SiO2/Ag plasmonic structure. We fabricated the Ni-SWG structure on the Ag/SiO2 structure using electron beam lithography and a liftoff process. As a result, a dip in the reflection spectra with normal incidence was obtained at a wavelength of 530 nm. The reflectivity at the dip position significantly decreased with the intensity of the magnetic field applied to the structure. When a magnetic field of 43 mT was applied, the change in reflection reached approximately 4% of that without magnetic field. The experimental results indicate that our sensor achieves millitesla order of sensitivity for the magnetic field. The electromagnetic field distribution around the Ni-SWG/SiO2/Ag calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method clarified the reason for the high sensitivity of our sensor.
Highly sensitive optical sensor for magnetic field detection was experimentally demonstrated using a guided-mode resonance in waveguide with Ni nano-grating. The electromagnetic field distribution was calculated by finite-difference time-domain method in order to estimate the sensing performance of our device. The calculation results indicated that the optical characteristics of our sensor considerably varied with applying magnetic field. We fabricated the Ni-subwavelength grating/ Si3N4 waveguide structure on the optical glass substrate using electron beam lithography technique. The reflection peak resulting from the guided-mode in the waveguide was obtained with normal incident geometry. The peak intensity depended on static magnetic field applied to the structure, and the intensity changed by about 5 % for the magnetic field intensity of 39.4 mT. These experimental results suggest our sensor can sensitively detect magnetic field while avoiding use of the complex and expensive system, and our device is pretty suitable for the integration devices in internet of things society.
Recently, various surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonator structures with a tiny volume and a sharp resonance are numerically proposed for sensor, filter and modulator integrated devices. However, there are few experimental demonstrations of such the structure, i.e., a combination of SPP resonator and SPP waveguide, in the range from visible to telecommunication wavelength. We will present several tiny SPP resonator devices with SPP I/O ports, i.e., a combination of SPP resonator with a volume of less than 1 squared micrometer and a channel-type SPP waveguide with a width of 200 nm width. We have fabricated such the resonators for integrated applications by using EB lithography technique and evaluated their optical resonance characteristics for a refractive index sensor in the telecommunication wavelength region. And we will discuss key points to achieve enough performance as integrated functional devices for real applications.
Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) provide the field enhancement and localization beyond the diffraction limit of light. By using SPP, we have numerically designed tiny resonance sensors as plasmonic integrated devices with silver or gold as metal material for near infrared region of light. We will present our recent work for the sensors. The sensors are the combination of the plasmon resonator and MIM channel plasmon waveguide with the gap of ~150 nm and the hight of ~1.5 micron. The typical area size of sensor is order of 1 square micrometers and their sensitivity for temperature or stress change is comparable to current optical sensors. We have fabricated some fundamental structure of the device by using the electron beam lithography and will show experimental optical characteristics for IR region.
We proposed an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) by using Metal/Insulator/Metal PWGs for optical
modulation or sensor devises. Transmission spectra of the MZI were calculated by Finite difference time domain
method. We observed an interference pattern and transmission dips in calculated transmission spectra of an unbalanced
MZI. An interference pattern is due to different path length of an unbalanced MZI. The Transmission dips are due to
resonance in unbalanced MZI. Standing wave was appeared when the wavelength of the gap plasmon mode is equal to
the integral multiple of PWG length of resonance area. Therefore, an unbalanced MZI in plasmonic waveguides serves
as a ring resonator.
We propose a simple and low cost method to fabricate well-controllable and organized silicon nanowire (SiNWs) arrays based on electrostatic adsorption of a monolayer of polystyrene nanospheres on Si substrate. The proposed method has been used to demonstrate the controllability of density of SiNWs avoiding complicated and expensive lithography techniques. The proposed method led to well-organized SiNWs and controlling SiNWs size and density for specific optoelectronic and nanophotonic applications.
We analytically investigated the influence of grating shape on polarization characteristics of the emission from a GaN-based light-emitting diode with a low-contrast subwavelength grating (SWG), such as SiO2-SWG. The electromagnetic field distribution, calculated using the finite-difference time-domain method, predicted that the polarization characteristics strongly depend on the grating side slope. A trapezoid SiO2-SWG was fabricated on the GaN-based-LED using electron-beam lithography. The optical characteristics of the electroluminescence agreed with those theoretically predicted, and we succeeded in demonstrating the influence of grating shape on the polarization of LED emission.
A nanostructured poly (o-toluidine)/silicon nanowires (NPOT/SiNWs) heterojunction has been fabricated with a low cost and simple techniques, where NPOT has been in situ polymerized upon SiNWs synthesized by chemical etching of a silicon wafer. The morphology of SiNWs before and after deposition of NPOT has been examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of NPOT has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. NPOT morphology has also been examined by SEM before being deposited on the SiNWs. I-V measurements of the device have been made at room temperature under dark conditions. The heterojunction diode parameters such as turn-on voltage, reverse saturation current (I0), ideality factor (η), barrier height (ΦB) and series resistance (Rs) have been determined from the I−V curves using Schottky equations. The device shows promising characteristics as a candidate for producing heterojunction diodes.
The organic nanostructured conducting polymer Poly (O-toluidine)/ Silicon
nanowires (NPOT/SiNWs) heterojunction is investigated as a candidate heterojunction diode.
For this purpose, NPOT/SiNWs heterojunction was fabricated through low cost and simple
techniques. SiNWs were fabricated using improved metal-assisted electroless etching of Si
substrates. NPOT thin film was chemically fabricated via in situ polymerization method. The
morphology of SiNWs before and after deposition of NPOT was confirmed by scanning electron
microscope (SEM). I-V measurements of the device were made at room temperature under dark
conditions.
An author’s affiliation in this article [J. Nanophoton.. 7, (1 ), 073077 (2013)] was changed. The affiliations appear correctly above. All online versions of the article were corrected on 23 May 2014.
We propose a novel sensing system using the plasmonic resonator for detecting a minor changes of the refractive index. The detection performance of our device has been numerically evaluated by (FDTD) finitedifference time-domain simulations. Our design can be easily fabricated using the focus ion beam milling technique. It leads to a highly compact sensor in terms with high sensitivity and high detection limit.
An integrated plasmonic resonator was proposed and analyzed. The detection performance of our device has been numerically verified by finite-difference time-domain simulations. The spectral sensitivity obtained was found to be 700 nm/RIU, where RIU is the refractive index unit. Our proposed sensor was found to have a detection limit in the order of 10−6 RIU. The plasmonic sensor could be fabricated using focus ion beam milling. Our design leads to an ultra-compact sensor suitable for on-chip sensing applications associated with a high sensitivity. For biosensing, the proposed sensor could have the ability for a specific capture of biomolecules at the sensor surface that enables for quantification of the biomolecules.
We fabricated a plasmonic racetrack resonator with a trench structure, evaluated it at visible wavelengths, and
observed its operation at these wavelengths. Trench channel plasmon polaritons were stored in the racetrack
resonator when incident light irradiated the input port. The plasmonic racetrack resonator with a trench struc-
ture can be fabricated in only a few steps, and the resulting increase in the coupling coefficient has potential
applications in optical integrated circuits.
We have studied characteristics of an optical resonator with two stubs as functional devices in a plasmon waveguide in
order to realize compact integrated optical circuits. The resonator is consisting of two stubs set separately in the
waveguide where the stub works as low loss mirror. Numerical simulation has clearly shown that the resonator process
high Q value as a plasmonic resonator. We have also fabricated stub-type resonators in gap plasmonic waveguides, of
which the gap width is around 150 nm, with stubs embedded in a silver thin film on a substrate by using FIB direct
processing techniques. The characteristics of these structures have been observed experimentally from visible to near-infrared
light. And we have successfully observed the resonance of the resonator in the transmission spectrum.
We have performed the three dimensional (3D) numerical analysis for a gap plasmon waveguide with two stubs in a
silver film by using the 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The simulated transmittance shows that such
the 3D structure works as a wavelength selective device with submicron size as already predicted in the 2D simulations.
We have also fabricated such a structure on a glass substrate by using the focused ion beam method. The width of the
gap is around 150 nm. The observed transmittance spectra of the structure have clearly indicated the wavelength
dependence and agree well with those obtained by a numerical simulation. Our results show that the structure proposed
by us is promising for a compact wavelength selective device.
We have analyzed the characteristics of three types of gap plasmon waveguides having wavelength
selective functions: one is structured by a Fabry-Perot resonator with reflectors, one is structured by a
slot resonator and the other is the waveguide with a single or two stubs. We have presented the
numerical results of the transmittance spectra for these structures calculated by using the finite-difference
time-domain method. The numerical results have clearly indicated that all structures of a sub-micron
size work properly as wavelength selective devices. The advantage of a stub type of waveguide
is on easiness in fabricating, while that for a Fabry-Perot type of waveguide is to lead to making the size
decrease considerably and relatively high Q-factor.
We have measured the propagation distances of wedge plasmons and two-dimensionally localized gap plasmons (GPW)
at a vacuum wavelength of 632.8nm. The measured propagation distances of the wedge plasmons increased from
2.2μm to 3.1μm with increasing the wedge tip radius from 20nm to 125nm. The GPW has the measured propagation
distance of 8.2μm for a gap width of 100nm and 900nm height.
We have developed a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method represented by the spherical coordinates which is
applicable for numerical calculations of nonlinear optical responses. This FDTD technique gives information about
time-dependent spatial distributions of light intensity in nonlinear metallic particles and we can deeply understand
nonlinear optical phenomena related with localized surface plasmons in a spherical particle.
We have numerically investigated characteristics of plasmonic waveguides for coupled wedge plasmons (CWPs)
consisting two silver wedges separated by a nano gap all on a glass substrate. Three types of waveguides for CWPs on
a glass substrate are considered: (1) two metallic wedges on a planar substrate, (2) two metallic wedges built into the
substrate and (3) two-folded free-standing metallic wedges. For numerical calculation, we have employed the Drude
model for the dielectric constant of silver and the excitation light with the vacuum wavelength of 632.8 nm. The
refractive index of the glass ns is fixed at ns = 1.5. We have calculated field distributions in the waveguide as well as
dependence on changing the gap w between wedges and the wedge angle θ. CWPs eigenmodes of such structures are
shown to exist and propagate along waveguides structures employed here. The propagation constant k//, propagation
distance L and the beam area of a CWP depends on w and θ. L and the beam area size for waveguide employed here are
in the order of 10 μm and in the range from 10-4 μm2 to 10-1 μm2, respectively. These values mean that waveguides for
CWPs have a potential to be utilized for the nano optical waveguides in future.
We have performed numerical analysis of localized surface plasmons (LSP) at a nano silver particle on a glass substrate using the finite-difference time-domain method, taking into account the size dependence of the dielectric constants of silver. It was found that the characteristics of LSP at a nano metal particle depend on both shapes of the particles and a dielectric constant of the substrate. In calculations, we employed the geometry in which a nano-particle was located on a glass substrate, the area of calculations. The three types of particles were assumed: a sphere, a spheroid and a hemisphere. In spheroid, the aspect ratio of particles R, is changed from 1.0 to 2.0. For the normal incidence to the spheroid, i.e., the long-axis, the characteristics of LSP are insensitive to R compared. It was observed the red-shift of LSP resonance wavelength and the field enhancement due to the mirror image in the substrate. For spheres and spheroid, the strong enhancement of the z-component field was observed on the substrate. For the hemisphere, we have found the strong localization of the field along the edge of the hemisphere and the strong enhancement of the x-component field was observed on the surface of the substrate.
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