Models for estimating the buoyancy fluxes of smoke plumes from high-altitude stacks are proposed using direct and indirect calculation methods. These methods are based on similarity and dimension relations for smoke jets propagating in a wind flow and data from aerological sounding. In an indirect method for calculating the rise height of smoke mixtures and the buoyancy flux, satellite information is used on the distribution of plumes and the position of their shadows on the earth's surface. Approbation of the proposed methods was carried out for high-altitude pipes of a number of large thermal power plants in Siberia. Estimates of buoyancy flows and rise heights of smoke plumes for the CHP pipes under consideration are made. Quite satisfactory agreement was established between the results calculated by both methods.
On the basis of the asymptotic of solutions of the turbulent diffusion equation, models are proposed for estimating the concentration fields of sulfur dioxides, nitrogen, and submicron fractions of aerosol particles from measurements in the village of Listvyanka at the EANET station. The most significant sources of these impurities are large thermal power plants located in the cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk, Shelekhov. The main attention is paid to the analysis of episodes of the passage of the CHPP smoke plumes through the observation point. Measurement data from meteorological and aerological stations are used as additional information. For the territory of South Baikal, the results of the numerical reconstruction of concentration fields and the estimation of the transformation parameters of pollutants from remote sources are presented.
The results of field, chemical analytical and numerical studies of aerosol deposition of inorganic components in snowpack in the environ of Novosibirsk thermal power plant (TPP) No 5 in winter season of 2018/19 are presented. The snowpack sampling was made in the mainstream winter wind rose directions at the distances of 1.0 – 20.0 km. After melting, the samples were analyzed by the methods of atomic absorption, atomic emission, capillary electrophoresis, pH- , conductivity and gravimetry measurements. It was shown that there is the concentration decreasing with the distance from the source for the following parameters as sediment, the content of main macro- and some microelements in a whole. In order to identify the impurity belonging to a joint source, there was done the microelement statistical correlations. The numerical analysis of snow cover contamination monitoring data on the basis of reconstruction model of weakly settling impurities is presented and discussed.
Models of estimating the emissions from thermal power plants in the lower atmosphere using satellite information are presented. Satellite images of smoke plumes from pipes of thermal stations can be used to quickly receive in visual form the current information about the plumes. The equations of hydro-and thermo-dynamics of the atmosphere are used as additional conditions in the estimation models. A numerical model is proposed for restoring the characteristics of the active phase of smoke plume ascents from high-altitude sources, and the results of calculations of these parameters for a thermal power plant in Novosibirsk are presented. This approach is shown to be efficient in the winter period, when large amounts of emissions of smoke mixtures are characteristic and the shadows of their plumes on the earth's surface stand in marked contrast. The results of the research can be used to monitor the negative impact of industrial enterprises on the environment and to assess possible harm to public health.
The results of field and chemical analytical investigation of aerosol contamination of snowpack in the vicinity of Novosibirsk electrode making plant fulfilled in 2016 are presented. The correlation analysis of intercomponent composition of aerosol impurity deposition was done. Using monitoring data, the numerical reconstruction of sedimentation fields of macto- and microelements was made. It was shown that the major sources of pollution are the tall pipes of the factory.
The plumes of smoke from the pipes of the industrial enterprises characterize the processes of distribution of pollution in the atmosphere. They are well visible in the satellite images of territories of the cities. This study is aimed at the assessment of parameters of emissions and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer according to satellite information. To this end, the hydrodynamics equations are used. The vertical profile of the wind is estimated with the use of the Ekman model and data of aerological sounding. On additional height of a source is calculated by the value of an angle of the sun above the horizon and the location of a shade plumes of smoke in the satellite images. For controlling the accuracy of estimation of an additional height of raising a plumes of smoke, the numerical method is used. It is based on the ratios with allowance a dynamic impulse of emission and a heat flux of buoyancy. In relation to the winter conditions, estimates of effective heights of raising plumes of smoke for large thermoelectric plants of Novosibirsk are carried out. With the use of meteorological and satellite information, the wind profiles in the lower atmosphere are calculated. The methods offered can be used for the analysis of processes of air pollution in the city.
The paper presents data on chemical composition of snow cover samples collected in the vicinity of Iskitim cement plant in March of 2017. The high pH values, the presence in large content of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, NO3–, SO42– and the existence of pair correlations between them assume to be a unique source of pollution, namely the cement plant dust. Chemical thermodynamic modeling the samples equilibrium composition and the space dynamics reconstruction models approve the conclusion.
Models for estimating the concentration fields of passive and chemically active impurities at large distances from the source have been developed from the data of the route observations. Their validation was made on the data of airborne observations of multicomponent pollution of the winter and summer boundary layer of the atmosphere of the Norilsk industrial region. For winter conditions, the results of estimating the fields of transformation of calcium and sulfur dioxide at distances of 60-100 km from sources of impurities are presented. On the basis of measurements of sulfur dioxide in the summer experiment, the correspondence of the processes of transverse expansion of the impurity flame to theoretical descriptions is shown and the direction of axial drift of the impurity is established.
Models for estimating the regional transport of active and passive impurities based on the data of route observations in the vicinity of point and area sources are proposed. Approbation of models on the data of airborne probing of atmospheric pollution in the Norilsk industrial region was carried out. In the range of distances of 60-100 km from the source of emissions, the active gas-to-particle conversion was analyzed on the basis of the observed data.
The method to calculate the wind fields in the low atmosphere based on the use of satellite images of smoke plumes from the chimneys of industrial plants various heights is proposed. The model is based on Ekman layer equations. The results of calculations of the vertical profiles of wind velocity components and the coefficient of the turbulent exchange are given for the city of Omsk, an example. Possibilities of using approach to analyze the processes of pollution of urban atmosphere are discussed.
With satellite data on pollution of snow cover and data of meteorological observations, some fields of dust sedimentation from high chimneys of the Iskitim cement plant are studied. In the absence of snowfalls, a possibility to analyze of the areas of pollution, which are formed in time intervals from several days to several weeks in the vicinities of industrial enterprises, is shown.
The problems of reconstructing the snow cover pollution fields from dusting, point, linear and area sources according to ground and satellite observations are considered. Using reconstruction models, the methods of the combined analysis of the characteristic images of snow cover pollution haloes in the vicinity of sources of dust and contact data observations have been developed. On the basis of the numerical data analysis of ground monitoring and satellite imagery, the stable quantitative regularities between the fields of dust fallouts and the intensity of a change of tones of gray in the radial directions relative to the main sources are identified.
Anna Talovskaya, Vladimir Raputa, Victoriya Litay, Egor Yazikov, Tatyana Yaroslavtseva, Kseniya Mikhailova, Irina Parygina, Anna Lonchakova, Mariya Tretykova
The article shows the results of dust pollution level of air in the vicinity of coal-fired power plant of Omsk city on the base of study snow cover pollution. The samples were collected west-, east- and northeastwards at a distance of 0,75-6 km from the chimney for range-finding of dust emission transfer. The research findings have shown the dust load changes from 53 till 343 mg•(m2·day)-1 in the vicinity of power plant. The ultimate dust load was detected at a distance of 3-3,5 km. On the basis of asymptotics of equation solution for impurity transfer, we have made numerical analysis of dust load rate. With the usage of ground-based facilities and satellites we have determined the wind shifts in the atmospheric boundary layer have a significant impact on the field forming of long-term dustfall.
A model for the reconstruction of the surface concentration of a heavy non-homogeneous substance transfered in the atmosphere is proposed. The model is used to simulate the snow surface contamination by benzo(a)pyren in the vicinity of Power Station-3 in the city of Barnaul. The effects of wind rotation in the atmospheric boundary layer on the field of long-term aerosol substance are assessed.
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